Initially, either lysozyme (as a positively charged model protein at the pH value of 7.5) or BSA (as a negatively charged model protein at the pH value of 7.5) was dissolved into 14 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer in a 15-mL Corning centrifuge tube (Fisher Scientific). In all cases the same procedure was followed. Menkhaus, Hao Fong, in Electrospinning: Nanofabrication and Applications, 2019 16.3.1.6 Static Adsorption/Desorption EvaluationĮquilibrium static adsorption measurements were performed with the (treated and untreated) carbon nanofiber mats. In the second part, the semi-empirical approach presented by González and Medina (1999) predicting the shoreline response behind an offshore breakwater is described. This methodology has been applied to some natural and man-made beach cases, showing the capability for the design of new nourishment projects. The proposed methodology includes existing equilibrium profile models and a modified static equilibrium plan form formulation. It is based on the equilibrium beach concept (combining shoreline and cross-shore profile) and a semiempirical model. In the first part, the methodology proposed by González and Medina (2001) for testing or designing «static equilibrium beaches» is presented. Noble, (1978) Gourlay, (1980) Nir, (1982) Dally and Pope, (1986) Suh and Dalrymple, (1987) Hsu and Silvester, (1990) Ahrens and Cox, (1990) McCormick, (1993) González and Medina, (2001) and on small-scale models and field observations, see Rosati, (1990), and ASCE, (1994), as general references. Empirical analyses have been carried out by a number of researchers based on beach equilibrium concepts, e.g.
The empirical approach requires an a priori assumption of the shape of the shoreline. One of the main problems in the design of these coastal structures is the prediction of the shoreline response. Offshore breakwaters are generally shore-parallel structures that effectively reduce the amount of wave energy reaching a protected stretch of shoreline. Static equilibrium shoreline models, are used to predict tombolo and salient formations for both natural and man-made coastal structures. Alberto Lamberti, in Environmental Design Guidelines for Low Crested Coastal Structures, 2007 13.9.1.
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